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What Is Hurricane Storm Surge, and Why Can It Be So Catastrophic?_我的网站
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By Anthony C. Didlake Jr.
Of all the hazards that hurricanes bring, storm surge is the greatest threat to life and property along the coast. It can sweep homes off their foundations, flood riverside communities miles inland, and break up dunes and levees that normally protect coastal areas against storms.
As a hurricane reaches the coast, it pushes a huge volume of ocean water ashore. This is what we call storm surge.
This surge appears as a gradual rise in the water level as the storm approaches. Depending on the size and track of the hurricane, storm surge flooding can last for several hours. It then recedes after the storm passes.
Water level heights during a hurricane can reach 20 feet or more above normal sea level. With powerful waves on top of it, a hurricane’s storm surge can cause catastrophic damage.
What determines how high storm surge gets?
Storm surge begins over the open ocean. The strong winds of a hurricane push the ocean waters around and cause water to pile up under the storm. The low air pressure of the storm also plays a small role in lifting the water level. The height and extent of this pile of water depend on the strength and size of the hurricane.
As this pile of water moves toward the coast, other factors can change its height and extent.
If a coastal area has a sea floor that gently slopes away from the coastline, it’s more likely to see a higher storm surge than an area with a steeper drop-off. Gentle slopes along the Louisiana and Texas coasts have contributed to some devastating storm surges. Hurricane Katrina’s surge in 2005 broke levees and flooded New Orleans. Hurricane Ike’s 15- to 17-foot storm surge and waves swept hundreds of homes off Texas’ Bolivar Peninsula in 2008. Both were large, powerful storms that hit in vulnerable locations.
The shape of the coastline can also shape the surge. When storm surge enters a bay or river, the geography of the land can act as a funnel, sending the water even higher.
Other factors that shape storm surge
Ocean tides – caused by the gravity of the moon and sun – can also strengthen or weaken the impact of storm surge. So, it’s important to know the timing of the local tides compared to the hurricane landfall.
At high tide, the water is already at an elevated height. If landfall happens at high tide, the storm surge will cause even higher water levels and bring more water further inland. The Carolinas saw those effects when Hurricane Isaias hit at close to high tide on Aug. 3, 2020. Isaias brought a storm surge of about 4 feet at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, but the water level was more than 10 feet above normal.
How storm surge and high tide add up to coastal flooding.(The COMET Program/UCAR and National Weather Service)
Sea level rise is another growing concern that influences storm surge.
As water warms, it expands, and that has slowly raised sea level over the past century as global temperatures have risen. Freshwater from melting of ice sheets and glaciers also adds to sea level rise. Together, they elevate the background ocean height. When a hurricane arrives, the higher ocean means storm surge can bring water further inland, to a more dangerous and widespread effect.
。 11月25日至26日，抚顺将出现今冬首场大范围雨雪天气，并伴有寒潮、大风，气温将下降12℃～14℃。
为有效应对低温天气，确保全市居民优质达标供热，11月23日，抚顺市住建局发布，2024-2025年度抚顺市供热指挥中心第三号调度令。
一、提前升温蓄热，保障高质量供热。按照气象预报信息，11月26日室外温度为-17℃至-1℃。各供热企业要立即启动升温运行工作，全市供热系统从11月23日17时开始，二次网回水温度不低于31℃；11月24日17时开始，二次网回水温度不低于32℃；从11月25日17时开始，二次网回水温度不低于33℃。根据气温变化情况，市供热指挥中心将结合气象信息及时更新指导参数。
二 | 二、强化设备巡查维护，确保运行安全。各热源单位要强化锅炉、辅机等设备设施巡查维护，调配优质煤炭，避免降温期间发生设备设施故障及棚煤问题，确保热源安全平稳运行。同时，要确保供热参数满足外网需求，热电联产企业要避免因调峰问题造成供热参数大幅波动，影响外网安全。各热网运行单位高度关注老旧供热管网运行安全，逐步提升供热参数，加大热网巡查力度，全力保障外网运行安全。在降雪、降温期间，各供热管理部门、各供热企业在要确保执勤人员出行安全，做好相应的防护保障措施，避免发生次生安全事故。 三、加强供热服务，提升用户满意率。各供热单位的公开电话要保持24小时畅通，确保及时有效处置用户反映的问题。各供热企业要用心用情回应好每一件群众关切，做好有温度的回馈，定期主动回访形成工作闭环。
三 | 降温期间，各县区要组织供热企业重点对老旧小区、把山把顶及孤岛用户等进行重点走访，主动发现并帮助用户解决供热问题，提升服务水平。 四、做好应急准备，高效处置突发故障。市、区供热应急队伍要继续保持24小时待命，确保应急设备、物资、备品备件储备充足，发生供热故障后按照应急预案快速反应，相关供热单位要第一时间向市、区供热管理部门报告，并迅速组织抢修工作，最大限度压缩抢修时间，尽最大努力减少热用户因突发情况产生的供热影响。
四 | 抚顺市、区供热主管部门将通过抚顺市供热指挥调度平台实时监测热源及换热站运行情况，并在降温期间加大供热运行服务检查力度，对发现履职不利的有关单位，将给予通报，约谈，处罚等惩戒。 责任编辑：李丹。
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